US Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs & Bureau of Indian Education

"the oldest bureau of the United States Department of the Interior. Established in 1824, IA currently provides services (directly or through contracts, grants, or compacts) to approximately 1.9 million American Indians and Alaska Natives. There are 566 federally recognized American Indian tribes and Alaska Natives in the United States. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is responsible for the administration and management of 55 million surface acres and 57 million acres of subsurface minerals estates held in trust by the United States for American Indian, Indian tribes, and Alaska Natives. Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) provides education services to approximately 42,000 Indian students. BIA and BIE’s missions are:

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) mission is to:

"… enhance the quality of life, to promote economic opportunity, and to carry out the responsibility to protect and improve the trust assets of American Indians, Indian tribes, and Alaska Natives."

The Bureau of Indian Education (BIE) mission is to:

"… provide quality education opportunities from early childhood through life in accordance with the tribes’ needs to cultural and economic well being in keeping with the wide diversity of Indian tribes and Alaska Native villages as distinct cultural and governmental entities. The Bureau considers the whole person (spiritual, mental, physical and cultural aspects.)" "

How Do I...
Frequently Asked Questions
For Parents and Students

Regional Offices

• Midwest
• Agencies
• Tribes Served

Document Library

• Guide to Tracing Your American Indian Ancestry
• Tribal Leaders Directory
• FR Notice- Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible to Receive Services from the US BIA
• FR Notice- Indian Child Welfare Act; Designated Tribal Agents for the Service of Notice
• Certificate of Degree of Indian or Alaska Native Blood Application and Instructions
• American Indian Population and Labor Force Reports
• Scholarships and Grants

Indian Yet Not 'An' Indian

June 26, 2014.

Chelsey Luger, of Indian Country Today, has written an interesting article about nuances in language which help describe varying degrees of respect.

"What’s the difference, and why does it matter?

It’s a subtlety in language that has the power to evoke varying degrees of respect. The indefinite article (a or an) should of course be used freely when referring to objects - like a candy bar,a book, or an orangutan. But it shouldn’t be used in front of an ethnicity, because it creates a demeaning connotation."

-Chelsey Luger, Indian Country Today.

To read the full article, click here.

Traditional Archery Techniques & Ohio's Past

Video is Courtesy of the National Museum of the American Indian.

September 2, 2014.

Keevin Lewis, of the National Museum of the American Indian Blog, has written an interesting post about a recent workshop and demonstration about traditional bow and arrow construction in Arizona.

"The National Museum of the American Indian supported Royce’s project—his research into bows and arrows and other objects in the museum’s collections outside Washington, D.C., the workshop, and the reception—through the Artist Leadership Program."

-Keevin Lewis, National Museum of the American Indian Blog.

To read the full post, click here.

August 3, 2013.

Much of Ohio's bow and arrow tradition is not archaeologically documented; because wood does not preserve well. Dr. Brad Lepper, of the Ohio History Connection's Archaeology Blog, has written an informative post about his research into the link between social complexity and archery with Ohio's ancient cultures.

"Ultimately, perhaps inevitably, the upward (or downward depending on your point of view) spiral of agricultural intensification and militarization – initiated by the adoption of the bow — resulted in the rise of centralized authority during the Mississippian period. And although there were no Mississippian temple mound centers in Ohio, Rob Cook’s research at SunWatchVillage in Dayton suggests it might only have been a matter of time before that level of socio-cultural complexity developed here, too. "

-Dr. Brad Lepper, Ohio History Connection Archaeology Blog.

To read the full post, click here.

For more information,

Visit:

• Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews May/June 2013
• Introduction: Social Complexity and the Bow in the Prehistoric North American Record
• Social Complexity and the Bow in the Eastern Woodlands
• Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America
• Sedentism, Social Change, Warfare, and the Bow in the Ancient Pueblo Southwest
• Sociopolitical Complexity and the Bow and Arrow in the American Southwest
• Effects of the Bow on Social Organization in Western North America
• Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California
• The Bow and Arrow in Northern North America
• The Bow and Cultural Complexity of the Canadian Plains
• Archaeology: Bow and arrow forever changed ancient cultures
• The Columbus Dispatch, August 4, 2013.
• Dr. Robert A. Cook, Associate Professor of Anthropology, The Ohio State University at Newark.
• Sunwatch: Fort Ancient Development in the Mississippian World.
• "Toward More Continuous & Practical Artifact Analyses: Defining and Learning from Key Dimensions of Fort Ancient Triangular Projectile Points in the Miami Valleys"
• also authored by Aaron Comstock
• Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 39, Issue 3, September 2014.
• Project Idea Starters 4-H: Native American Artifacts: Arrowheads
• What's the Point? Identifying Flint Artifacts
• Ohio's Prehistoric People
• Virtual First Ohioans
• Hopewell Culture (100 B.C. - A.D. 500)
• Research on Fort Ancient Village Shows Two Periods of Occupation
• The Columbus Dispatch, October 10, 2007.

Stonehenge Researchers Discover Site is Much Larger Than Previously Thought

Video Courtesy of the University of Birmingham.

The location of newly discovered monuments around Stonehenge.
Image Courtesy of Geert Verhoeven, University of Bi/PA and The Guardian.com.

September 9, 2014.

Ian Sample, of The Guardian, has written an interesting and very informative article about the recent discovery of a "series of hidden chapels, burial mounds, and ritual shrines" in the area surronding Stonehenge, an UNESCO World Heritage Site.

"Researchers uncovered 17 new chapels and hundreds of archaeological features around the neolithic standing stones on Salisbury Plain, Wiltshire, including forms of monuments that have never been seen before.

Brought together for the first time in a digital map of the historic site, the discoveries transform how archaeologists view a landscape that was reshaped by generations for hundreds of years after the first stones were erected around 3100BC."

-Ian Sample, The Guardian.

To read the full article, click here.

For more information,

Visit:

• Stonehenge
• English Heritage
• Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 
• World Heritage Description
• The "Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project"
• Ludwig Boltzmann Institute & the University of Birmingham
• Our Frequently Asked Questions
• UNESCO World Heritage
• "Unveiling the prehistoric landscape at Stonehenge through multi-receiver EMI"
• Philippe De Smedt, Marc Van Meirvenne, Timothy Saey, Eamonn Baldwin, Chris Gaffney, Vince Gaffney
• Journal of Archaeological Science. Vol. 50, October 2014, Pages 16-23.
• President Obama Visits Stonehenge- Are the Newark Earthworks Next up on his Bucket List?
• September 6, 2014.
• Huge Settlement Unearthed Near Stonehenge World Heritage Site
• February 13, 2007
• UNESCO World Heritage
• Stonehenge Decoded
• National Geographic Channel
• What Lies Beneath Stonehenge
• September 5, 2014.
• Stonehenge 'Complete Circle' Evidence Found
• September 18, 2014.
• President Obama Visits Stonehenge
• September 22, 2014.

Autumn 2014 Newark Earthworks Center Events

Newark Earthworks, Octagon.

Autumn Semester: My Dream Show Exhibit by Candi Wesaw

Candi Wesaw is from Hartford, Michigan and a citizen of the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indian Nation. She has is deeply connected to her culture, heritage, and the arts. Ms. Wesaw works in multiple mediums and formats, including illustration, textiles, photography, and traditional native arts. She has also illustrated a series of children’s books about the Potawatomi, and is motivated
 to share her talent with youngsters to promote mutual cultural understandings. 

For more information about artist Candi Wesaw, click here.
Examples of her work can be found, here.

LeFevre Art Gallery

1199 University Drive

The Ohio State University at Newark

Newark, OH 43055

September 30, 2014: Lecture Series: The Newark Earthworks

and World Heritage

Dr. Brad Lepper, of Ohio History Connection, will be giving a lecture about 

Why the Newark Earthworks Qualify for World Heritage: Universal Human Value.

Classroom 175, Warner Library

1219 University Drive

The Ohio State University at Newark

Newark, OH 43055

For more information, contact us at earthworks@osu.edu 

or at 740-364-9584.

October 7, 2014: Lecture Series: The Newark Earthworks 

and World Heritage

Dr. Jarrod Burks, of Ohio Valley Archaeology, will be giving a lecture about 

Going High Tech to Study the Newark Earthworks: Putting Remote Sensing Tools to Work.

Classroom 175, Warner Library

1219 University Drive

The Ohio State University at Newark

Newark, OH 43055

For more information, contact us at earthworks@osu.edu 

or at 740-364-9584.

October 12, 2014: Octagon Open House

The grounds of the Octagon State Memorial will be open to the public  for general strolling and viewing from sunrise to sunset. Guided tours will be provided by the Newark Earthworks Center  from 1-4 PM. Special Guests Include:  Candi Wesaw and other citizens of the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indian Nation. Octagon State Memorial 125 N. 33rd St. Newark OH 43055 For more information, contact us at earthworks@osu.edu . If you would like to book a group tour, please call 740-364-9584.

October 12, 2014: Reception for My Dream Show 

by Candi Wesaw

7 PM.
Admissions is free and open to the public.
The art exhibit runs from August 27th through December 8th, 2014.

Candi Wesaw is from Hartford, Michigan and a citizen 
of the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indian Nation.
Wesaw is deeply connected to her culture, heritage, and the arts. 
She works in multiple mediums and formats; 
including illustrations, textiles, photography, 
and traditional native arts.

LeFevre Art Gallery

1199 University Drive

The Ohio State University at Newark

Newark, OH 43055

Refreshments will be served.

This event is graciously sponsored by: The Newark Earthworks Center- The Ohio State University at Newark, The Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indian Nation, The American Indian Studies Program at The Ohio State University, The Ohio History Connection, The Cultural Arts & Events Committee- The Ohio State University at Newark.

For more information, contact Dr. John Low, JD, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, 
Department of Comparative Studies at low.89@osu.edu 

Tours of the Great Circle Earthworks and Flint Ridge.

The Newark Earthworks Center employs four trained tour guides (two certified teachers & two Native Americans) who give tours for K-12 classes & other groups.
Admission is $5 per person except for teachers & aids.
Approximately 2, 500 school children participate each year.

For more information visit our Ancient Ohio Experience page or email us.

 Call 740-345-8224 to schedule a tour.

Fourth World Journal

Fourth World Journal
"the world's leading publication for ideas and analysis about and by writers from some of the world's more than six thousand Fourth World nations. Leading activists and scholars contribute lively and informative articles and essays and reveal what otherwise often remains hidden."

To subscribe, click here.

Articles Include:

Winter 2014 Vol. 12, No. 2.

• UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

Spring 2013 Vol. 12, No. 1

• Barriers to Fair and Effective Congressional Representation in Indian Country
• Dina Gilio-Whitaker

Autumn 2012 Vol. 11, No. 2.

• Traditional Storytelling in the Digital Era
• Janelle Palacios, Ph.D.; CNM
• Increasing the Knowledge Base: Utilizing the GAIN in Culturally Sensitive Landscapes
• Rodney C. Haring, Ph.D.; Janet Titus, Ph.D.; LaVerne H. Stevens, Ph.D.; Barbara D. Estrada, MS
• Facilitating the Success of Native Investigators in Research Careers
• Teshia G. Arambula Solomon, Ph.D.

Summer 2012 Vol. 11, No. 1.

• Emptying the Cup: Healing Fragmented Identity- An Anishinawbekwe Perspective on Historical Trauma and Culturally Appropriate Consultation
• S. Amy Desjarlais, MA

Summer 2011 Vol. 10, No. 1.

• Expressions of Native Resiliency
• Jennifer L. Penland, Ph.D.
• US Consultation Policy
• Rudolph C. Rÿser, Ph.D.

Winter 2011 Vol. 10, No. 2.

• Digitizing Worldviews Intangible Cultural Heritages
• T. Anantha Vijayaah, Ph.D.
• Participation in the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge, and Folklore
• Grand Council of the Crees (Eeyou Istchee)

Winter 2010 Vol. 9, No. 2.

• Comments and Recommendations on the United States Review of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
•  Rudolph C. Rÿser, Ph.D.

 August 1999 Vol. 4, No. 1.

• Living Anishnabe
• Allen Gabriel
• Long-Term Strategies for Institutional Change in University and Colleges: Negotiating Native Peoples' Middle Ground
• Rodney Bobiwash

President Obama Visits Stonehenge

September, 2014.

The Telegraph and The Guardian have both written interesting articles about President Obama's recent visit to Stonehenge, an UNESCO World Heritage site. 

Each article has unique informative features.

"[President Obama]described the atmosphere around the stones as 'really special' and his visit to Stonehenge as 'a highlight of my tour'."

-The Telegraph.

To read the full article, click here.

-The Guardian.

To view all the photos, click here.

For more information,

Visit:

• Stonehenge
• English Heritage
• Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 
• World Heritage Description
• The "Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project"
• Ludwig Boltzmann Institute & the University of Birmingham
• Our Frequently Asked Questions
• UNESCO World Heritage
• "Unveiling the prehistoric landscape at Stonehenge through multi-receiver EMI"
• Philippe De Smedt, Marc Van Meirvenne, Timothy Saey, Eamonn Baldwin, Chris Gaffney, Vince Gaffney
• Journal of Archaeological Science. Vol. 50, October 2014, Pages 16-23.
• President Obama Visits Stonehenge- Are the Newark Earthworks Next up on his Bucket List?
• September 6, 2014.
• Huge Settlement Unearthed Near Stonehenge World Heritage Site
• February 13, 2007
• UNESCO World Heritage
• Stonehenge Decoded
• National Geographic Channel
• What Lies Beneath Stonehenge
• September 5, 2014.
• Stonehenge 'Complete Circle' Evidence Found
• September 18, 2014.

The Treaty of Greene Ville

The Greenville Treaty Line established new western boundaries for the United States in 1797 and established peace between the United States of American and the tribal nations of the "Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias" following the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Fort Recovery State Museum will be hosting a dedication ceremony "where a sycamore tree might have stood more than 200 years ago" and was a "starting point for laying out the Greenville Treaty Line". The public is invited to this memorable event

Sunday, September 28th, 2014.

1 PM.

At Fort Loramie Elementary School

35 Elm Street

Fort Loramie, OH 45845

Concluding at Gigandet Farm

2770 Route 705 West

Fort Loramie, OH 45845

Speakers Include:

• Ken Sowards 
• on the impact the treaty had on the United States
• Dr. Steven Littleton 
• on Native American History before the treaty
• Greg Shipley 
• on the archaeological discoveries on the Fleckenstein Farm
• James Williams 
• on the surveyor Israel Ludlow

Line of Treaty within the Western Reserve.
Image Courtesy of The West Virginia Encyclopedia.

For more information,

Visit:

• Crossroads of Destiny: Indians' Settlement Treaty of Greene Ville
• "a stunning exhibit telling the history of the Treaty of Greene Ville. Greene Ville was the largest stockaded fort ever built in North America and it was the scene of the most significant American Indian treaty ever negotiated. The Treaty of Greene Ville of 1795 opened the door to the settlement of the Midwest and resulted in Ohio statehood eight years later. The Treaty also ended forty years of conflict over the upper Ohio Valley."
• Garst Museum
• The Treaties of Greenville
• Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations
• "From a young age, most Americans learn about the Founding Fathers, but are told very little about equally important and influential Native diplomats and leaders of Indian Nations. Treaties lie at the heart of the relationship between Indian Nations and the United States, and Nation to Nation: Treaties Between the United States and American Indian Nations is the story of that relationship, including the history and legacy of U.S.–American Indian diplomacy from the colonial period through the present."
• National Museum of the American Indian
• Ohio History Central
• Treaty of Greenville
• Treaty of Greenville Transcript (1795)
• Battle of Fallen Timbers
• A Treaty of Peace [Treaty of Grerenville]
• Native American History at the Clements Library, University of Michigan
• Treaty of Greenville
• The West Virginia Encyclopedia
• Greeneville Treaty Pipe
• Treaty of Greenville Medal
• Wyandot History: A Guide to Original Sources & Current Scholarship
• Treaty of Greene Ville
• Touring Ohio.com
• Fort Recovery State Museum
• Founders and Frontiersmen
• National Park Service
• Exhibit recalls frontier days of Greenville
• The Columbus Dispatch, April 19, 2008.

Stonehenge 'Complete Circle' Evidence Found

Stonehenge with parch marks during July 2013.
Image Courtesy of English Heritage and BBC News.

August 30, 2014.

BBC News has written about recently discovered parch marks at Stonehenge, an UNESCO World Heritage Site. These parch marks seen during last July suggest the stone circle was once complete which is a new discovery for the site.

"Tim Daw, who spotted the parch marks, said: "I was standing on the public path looking at the grass near the stones and thinking that we needed to find a longer hosepipe to get the parched patches to green up... A sudden lightbulb moment in my head, and I remembered that the marks were where archaeologists had looked without success for signs that there had been stone holes, and that parch marks can signify them." "

-BBC News.

To read the full article, click here.

For more information,

Visit:

• Stonehenge
• English Heritage
• Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 
• World Heritage Description
• The "Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project"
• Ludwig Boltzmann Institute and the University of Birmingham
• Our Frequently Asked Questions
• UNESCO World Heritage
• "Unveiling the prehistoric landscape at Stonehenge through multi-receiver EMI"
• Philippe De Smedt, Marc Van Meirvenne, Timothy Saey, Eamonn Baldwin, Chris Gaffney, Vince Gaffney
• Journal of Archaeological Science. Vol. 50, October 2014, Pages 16-23.
• Huge Settlement Unearthed Near Stonehenge World Heritage Site
• February 13, 2007
• UNESCO World Heritage
• Stonehenge Decoded
• National Geographic Channel
• What Lies Beneath Stonehenge
• September 5, 2014.

Be it resolved by the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio...

June 2014.

"Be it resolved by the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio (The Senate concurring):

WHEREAS, American Indians have made and continue to make significant contributions towards shaping Ohio into the great state that it is today. The ancient cultures built monumental earthworks in Ohio encoded with astronomical alignments that have captured the world's attention, and many of Ohio's geographic features and cities have historic Native American Indian names; and

WHEREAS, American Indians who have contributed to the rich history and culture of our state include the members of the ancient cultures now known as the Adena, Hopewell, and Fort Ancient, and historic tribes that include the Shawnee, Miami, Delaware, Potawatomi, Seneca, Wyandot, Peoria, and Ottawa; and

WHEREAS, American Indians have made an indelible mark on the landscape, history, and culture of Ohio. Today, many American Indians call Ohio "home," working and raising their families here; and

WHEREAS, American Indians living in Ohio can be justifiably proud of their rich heritage, spirituality, and traditions. It is important that they receive encouragement from the state's elected officials to continue teaching their culture to their children and sharing it with their fellow Ohioans; now therefore be it

RESOLVED, That we, the members of the 130th General Assembly of the State of Ohio, designate the fourth week of September as "American Indian Week," in conjunction with "American Indian Day" on the fourth Saturday of September, to honor the significant influence that American Indians have had on Ohio and to encourage the teaching and sharing of their culture; and be it further

RESOLVED, That the Clerk of the House of Representatives transmit duly authenticated copies of this resolution to the news media of Ohio."

-Amended House Concurrent Resolution Number 26; 130th General Assembly.

For more information, 

Visit:

• Rep. Hayes Applauds Passage of Legislation to Designate "American Indian Week"
• The Ohio House of Representatives, July 8, 2014.
• Ohio History Connection American Indian Week Events

Earthworks Sites' Radiocarbon Dates -Databases

The Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia Radiocarbon Database-Online

"A total of 1919 radiocarbon dates for archaeological sites and objects in Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia has been compiled by the Council For West Virginia Archaeology. These data represent most radiocarbon dates available for the region up to August 1996. The database is presented in a tabular format in ascending order of radiocarbon age. The database includes site numbers, site names, components, time periods, lab numbers, radiocarbon age, sigma, calibrated age and references."

"the radiocarbon database represents many years of cooperation between professional and amateur archaeologists as well as universities, agencies and private consulting firms. It should be stressed that even though this is a final publication this database should be viewed as a working document that will be continuously updated and corrected…"

Recorded Mound Sites Include*:

• Alligator Mound, OH
• Anderson Earthwork, IN
• Armitage Mound, OH
• Auvergne Mound, KY
• Bagley Mound, OH
• Bills Creek Mound, WV
• Black Dog Mound, OH
• Bob Evans Mound, OH
• Byler/Buyler Mound, OH
• Camargo Mound, KY
• Carmargo Mound, KY
• Clough Mound, OH
• Connett Mound, OH
• Consol Mound
• Cotinga Mound, WV
• Cowan Creek Mound, OH
• Cresap Mound, WV
• Daines Mound, OH
• Dover Mound, KY
• Drake Mound, KY
• Earl DeLong Mound, OH
• Ennis Mound, OH/WV?
• Enos Holmes Mound, OH
• Esch Mound, OH
• Fairchance Mound, OH
• Florence Mound, OH
• Gaines Mound, KY
• Galbreath Mound, OH
• Gerlack Mound, OH
• Glenford Fort Stone Mound, OH
• Grave Creek Mound, WV
• Hartman Mound, KY
• Henderson Mound, OH
• Hines Mound, OH
• Hopewell Mound Group, OH
• Ighram Mound, WV
• James Chase Hambleton Mound, OH
• James Star Mound, OH
• Kern Effigy?, OH
• Kirk Mound, WV
• Kline Mound, OH
• Kohl Mound, OH
• LaMoreaux Mound, OH
• Leslie Mound, WV
• Liberty Earthworks/Edwin Harness Mound, OH
• McCabe Mound, KY
• McCoy Mound, OH
• Miskimens/Maxwell Mound, OH
• Morgan Stone Mound, KY
• Mound City, OH
• Murad Mound, WV
• Nashport Mound, OH
• Newark Works: Great Circle, OH
• Newark Works: Octagon, OH
• Newman Mound, WV
• Oak Mound, WV
• O.C. Voss Mound, OH
• Phillips Mound
• Phillip Smith Mound, OH
• Philo Group, OH
• Pollock Works, OH
• Rock Riffle Run Mound, OH
• Robbins Mound, KY
• Russell Brown Mound
• Rutledge Mound, OH
• Sayler Park/Merk Mound, OH
• Seip Earthworks, OH
• Thruman DeLong Mound, OH
• Todd Mound, OH
• Toepfner Mound, OH
• Tremper Mound, OH
• Turk Mound
• Twin Mounds, KY
• Viney Branch Mound, KY
• Waterworks Mound, OH
• Wickliffe, KY
• William H. Davis Mound, OH
• William Schultz Mound, OH
• Whittlesey Earthwork, OH
• Wright Mound, KY
• Yant Mound, OH
• Young Mound, WV

Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database (CARD)

"a compilation of radiocarbon measurements that indicate the ages of archaeological and vertebrate palaeontological sites in North America. During the 50 years since the method of radiocarbon dating was invented, archaeologists and palaeontologists have invested heavily in this method, acquiring tens of thousands of radiocarbon dates. These dates represent a substantial financial investment, but their potential for developing the chronology of archaeology and palaeontology remains under-utilized and in some respects misused. The dates are widely scattered in published and unpublished sources, and many have not been reported at all. Furthermore, the dates are not all created equal, as they represent the results of analytical methods and techniques that have evolved over a 50-year period."

Recorded Mound Sites Include*:

• Alligator Mound, OH
• Armitage Mound, OH
• Arthur James Mound, OH
• Augustine Mound, New Brunswick, Canada 
• Bills Creek Mound, WV
• Black Dog Mound, OH
• Bob Evans Mound, OH
• Boven Earthworks, MI 
• Byler/ Buyler Mound, OH
• Carmargo Mound, KY
• Clough Mound, OH
• Connett Mound, OH
• Cotinga Mound, WV
• Cowan Creek Mound, OH
• Cresap Mound, WV
• Daines Mound, OH
• Drake Mound, KY
• Earl DeLong Mound, OH
• Enos Holmes Mound, OH
• Esch Mound, OH
• Fidler Mounds, Manitoba, Canada 
• Florence Mound, OH
• Gaines Mound, KY
• Galbreath Mound, OH
• Gerlack Mound, OH
• Glenford Fort Stone Mound, OH
• Grave Creek Mound, WV
• Hartman Mound, KY
• Heath Mound, Manitoba, Canada 
• Henderson Mound, OH
• Hilltop Mounds, OH
• Hines Mound, OH
• Hopewell Mound Group, OH
• Ighram Mound, WV
• James Chase Hambleton Mound, OH
• James Starr Mound, OH
• Kern Effigy, OH 
• Kirk Mound, WV
• Kline Mound, OH
• Kohl Mound, OH
• Gaines Mound, KY
• LaMoreaux Mound, OH
• Lane Enclosure, IA
• Leslie Mound, WV
• LeVesconte Mound, Ontario, Canada
• Liberty Earthworks/Edwin Harness Mound, OH
• Linseman-Walters Earthwork, MI
• Mikado Earthwork Enclosure, MI
• Miskimens/Maxwell Mound, OH
• McCabe Mound, KY
• McCoy Mound, OH
• Morgan Stone Mound, KY
• Mound City Group, OH 
• Murad Mound, WV
• Nashport Mound, OH
• Newark Works: Great Circle, OH 
• Newark Works: Octagon, OH 
• Newman Mound, WV
• Oak Mound, WV
• O.C. Voss Mound, OH
• Phillip Smith Mound, OH
• Philo Group, OH
• Pollock Works, OH 
• Prince Mound, Ontario, Canada 
• Robbins Mound, KY
• Riverview Mound, Manitoba, Canada 
• Rix Mills Enclosure, OH
• Rock Rifle Run Mound, OH
• Rutledge Mound, OH
• Sayler Park/ Merk Mound, OH
• Seid Mound, OH
• Seip Earthworks, OH
• Serpent Mound, OH
• Serpent Mounds, Ontario, Canada 
• St. James Mound, Manitoba, Canada 
• Star Mound, Manitoba, Canada 
• Stott Mound, Manitoba, Canada 
• Thurman DeLong Mound, OH
• Todd Mound, OH
• Toepfner Mound, OH
• Tremper Mound, OH
• Tsolum River Mound, British Columbia, Canada 
• Turkey Creek Mound, WV
• Twin Mounds, KY
• Viney Branch Mound, KY
• Waterworks Mound, OH
• Watson Farm Mound, WV
• William H. Davis Mound, OH
• William Schultz Mound, OH
• Willow Island Mound, WV
• Welcome Mound, WV
• Wickliffe, KY
• Whittlesey Mound, OH
• Whorley Earthwork, MI
• Wright Mound, KY 
• Yant Mound, OH

*But not limited to.

For more information about radiocarbon dating, 

Visit:

• Dating: The Radiocarbon Way
• GNS Science, The Archaeology Channel.
• Why is Radiocarbon Dating Important to Archaeology?
• California State Parks
• Fundamentals of Radiocarbon Dating
• Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database
• Technical Details of Radiocarbon Dating
• Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database

OSU Archaeological Field School in Dublin, OH

Ohio State University students are shown above in WOSU TV's documentary  on Columbus Neighborhoods: Clintonville.  April 2014. The Ohio State University Department of Anthropology's archaeology field school teaches students  how to be responsible archaeologists in the field and how to discover history left behind on the land. The video above documents the students' efforts in cultural resource management before a potential road extension is constructed.
To view the full documentary, click here.
What is Cultural Resource Management? "Cultural resource management (CRM) refers to the processes and procedures used to manage, preserve, protect, and conserve cultural resources in compliance with state and federal regulations. Each year a wealth of archaeological data are generated through CRM in efforts to prevent the loss of information from an untold number of archaeological sites, architecture, landscapes, and other cultural resources. A number of state and federal laws mandate CRM projects. These laws require identification and recording of cultural resources that are potentially eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, before impact by construction projects funded or licensed by federal and/or state agencies." - New York State Museum.
For more information, Visit:

• The Ohio State University's Department of Anthropology
• WOSU TV's Columbus Neighborhoods: Clintonville
• Earthworks Timeline
• The Ancient Ohio Trail
• The Ohio State University's Archaeological Field Schools
• Course 5684
• Course 5685
• Course 5686 (Forensic)
• Ohio's Cultural Resource Manual
• Ohio Department of Transportation
• Ohio's Historic Preservation Office
• FAQ about Cultural Resources
• New York State Museum
• The Columbus Neighborhoods on WOSU TV
• June 3, 2014.
• Holder-Wright Earthworks, Dublin, OH.
• April 30, 2014.
• 2014 Archaeological Field School in Dublin, OH
• February 24, 2014

Virtual First Ohians

This site represents an online exhibit of the Ohio History Connection including images, timelines, and videos representing a comprehensive overlook of Ohio's first residents.

• Introduction
• PaleoIndian Period (13,000 - 8,000 BC)
• Archaic Period (8,000 - 1,500 BC)
• Late Archaic Period
• Early Woodland Period (800 BC - AD 1)
• The Adena Culture (1,500 BC - AD 100)
• Middle Woodland Period (100 BC - AD 500)
• The Hopewell Culture (100 BC - AD 400)
• Late Woodland Period (AD 500 - 1200)
• Introduction to Mississippian Cultures (~AD 900 - 1600)
• The Late Prehistoric Period (AD 900 - 1650)
• Fort Ancient Culture (AD 1000 - 1650)
• Whittlesley Culture (AD 1000 - 1600)
• Sandusky Culture (AD 1200 - 1650)
• Monongahela Culture (AD 1000 - 1650 )
• Historic Period (AD 1650 - Present)

*Note: Dates may vary around 100 years above and below given date for cultures prior to AD 1650 due to regional differences and margin of error in dating techniques. Dates are taken from the Ohio History Central Encyclopedia.

"In the Eastern United States, Indian cultures existing before the coming of the Europeans and their written language have been organized into four basic groupings: Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Late Prehistoric. These groups are defined by basic patterns of settlements, economy, and artifacts spread over a fairly large region. While the groups generally followed each other in time, they also overlapped somewhat."

Illuminating the Treaties That Have Governed U.S. - Indian Relationships

In 1794, President Washington commissioned a wampum belt for the Canadaigua Treaty.
Image Courtesy of Cliff Owen/AP Images and Smithsonian.com.

September 2014.

Smithsonian has written a brief new article summarizing some of the treaties between Native Nations and the United States.

"The so-called Calico Treaty, one of the earliest the U.S. entered into, is still in force: Every July, the Bureau of Indian Affairs dispatches what amounts to a square yard of cloth per tribal citizen to the tribes (except the Mohawks, because the U.S. has come to believe that no Mohawk leaders were present at the treaty’s signing)."

-Smithsonian.

To read the full article, click here.

For more information about treaties,

Visit:

• University of Nebraska Lincoln
• American Indian Treaties Portal
• Early Recognized Treaties with American Indian Nations
• Oklahoma State University
• Indian Claims Commission Decisions
• Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler
• Oklahoma Historical Society
• American Indian Archive

• Indian Affairs: Laws & Treaties, compiled & edited by Charles J. Kappler
• August 19, 2014
• Indian Claims Commission Decisions
• June 10, 2014

What Lies Beneath Stonehenge

The huge bluestones each weigh between four and eight tons
and were brought to the site from North Wales, 170 miles away.
Photo Courtesy of Henrik Knudsen, English Heritage, and Smithsonian.com.

September 2014.

Smithsonian Magazine has published a thought-provoking article about new discoveries around Stonehenge, a famous UNESCO World Heritage site in England. Recent research has focused on placing Stonehenge within its landscape using new magnetic, radar, and geophysical data.

"Gaffney’s latest research effort, the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project, is a four-year collaboration between a British team and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and Virtual Archaeology in Austria that has produced the first detailed underground survey of the area surrounding Stonehenge, totaling more than four square miles. The results are astonishing. The researchers have found buried evidence of more than 15 previously unknown or poorly understood late Neolithic monuments: henges, barrows, segmented ditches, pits. To Gaffney, these findings suggest a scale of activity around Stonehenge far beyond what was previously suspected."

-Smithsonian Magazine.

To read the full article, click here.

For more information about Stonehenge, 
Magnetometers, Ground- Penetrating Radar, 
or World Heritage, Visit:

• Stonehenge
• English Heritage
• Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites 
• World Heritage Description
• Geophysical Survey
• Ground-Penetrating Radar
• Magnetometers
• Target Anomalies Found Through Geophysical Survey
• Our Frequently Asked Questions
• UNESCO World Heritage
• "Unveiling the prehistoric landscape at Stonehenge through multi-receiver EMI"
• Philippe De Smedt, Marc Van Meirvenne, Timothy Saey, Eamonn Baldwin, Chris Gaffney, Vince Gaffney
• Journal of Archaeological Science. Vol. 50, October 2014, Pages 16-23.
• Huge Settlement Unearthed Near Stonehenge World Heritage Site
• February 13, 2007
• UNESCO World Heritage
• Stonehenge Decoded
• National Geographic Channel

Povert Point: Preservation of a Prehistoric World Heritage Site

Aerial Photo of Poverty Point.
Image Courtesy of Susan Guice and the NEH.

August 7, 2014.

Ralph Canevali, of the National Endowment for the Humanities, has written an informative article about the history, preservation, and future of Poverty Point State Historic Site, located in northeastern Louisiana. Poverty Point was recently added to the UNESCO World Heritage List and marks the 22nd World Heritage site in the U.S.

"Poverty Point was part of a larger cultural complex of mound builders that extended throughout the lower Mississippi River valley. Despite excavations that have uncovered stone tools, pottery, and other artifacts at Poverty Point, relatively little is known about the people who built the mounds. They were not farmers, but rather subsisted through hunting, gathering, and fishing. However, they also obtained goods from as far afield as the southern Appalachians and the upper Midwest."

-Ralph Canevali, The National Endowment for the Humanities.

To read the full article, click here.

For more information about 

Poverty Point or World Heritage,

Visit:

• Poverty Point, Louisiana Tourism
• Poverty Point- A Terminal Archaic Culture of the Lower Mississippi Valley
• Poverty Point Earthworks: Evolutionary Milestones of the Americas
• Office of State Parks: Louisiana, The Archaeology Channel
• Poverty Point World Heritage Initiative
• Poverty Point UNESCO World Heritage Nomination
• Poverty Point World Heritage Justification
• UNESCO World Heritage
• National Park Service World Heritage Page
• New World Heritage Inscribed Properties (2014)
• Poverty Point UNESCO World Heritage Debate
• July 16, 2014.
• Poverty Point Now an UNESCO World Heritage Site!
• June 25, 2014.
• Archaeologist Discovers New Mound at Poverty Point.
• May 30, 2014.

New Geoglyphs Found in Nazca Desert After Sandstorm

Image Courtesy of Elcomercio and Phys.Org.

August 7, 2014.

Phys.Org has written a brief article about new geoglyphs found in the Nazca desert after recent sand-storms.

"The newly revealed figures discovered by de la Torre are of a snake (approximately 196 feet in length), a bird, a camelid (perhaps a llama) and some zig-zag lines. They are actually on some hills in the El Ingenio Valley and Pampas de Jumana near the desert floor. Archeologists have been alerted to authenticate the find."

-Phys.Org.

To read the full article, click here.

For more information about the Nazca Lines, 

Visit:

• Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Jumana
• UNESCO World Heritage
• Nazca Lines and Geoglyphs
• NascaPeru.com
• Our Frequently Asked Questions
• UNESCO World Heritage
• Field Study Suggests Geoglyphs in Ancient Peru Were Made to Lead Travelers to Trade Fairs
• August 29, 2014.