Tuesday, September 19, 2023

25th United States UNESCO World Heritage Inscription | Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks

Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks, UNESCO World Heritage Site

World Heritage Celebration at the Great Circle, part of the Newark Earthworks, Heath Ohio. 2013, Tim Black.
World Heritage Celebration at the Great Circle,
Part of the Newark Earthworks, Heath Ohio. 2013, Tim Black.
45th Extended Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee | Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

September 19, 2023

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural World Heritage inscription recognizes the identification, protection and preservation of cultural and natural heritage considered of outstanding value for all of humanity.
 
Nominations by a country must represent at least one of the criteria of world heritage as defined by UNESCO. The authenticity of the nominated site and its protection and management are also considered.



The Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks are Ohio's first UNESCO World Heritage inscription and the twenty-fifth for the United States of America.

Seip Earthworks, large circle North gateway. Hopewell Culture National Park, Chillicothe Ohio. John E. Hancock.
Seip Earthworks, large circle North gateway.
Hopewell Culture National Park, Chillicothe Ohio.
John E. Hancock.

Aerial view of the Octagon State Memorial, part of the Newark Earthworks, Newark Ohio.
Aerial view of the Octagon State Memorial,
Part of the Newark Earthworks, Newark Ohio.
Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks is a series of eight monumental earthen enclosure complexes built between 2,000 and 1,600 years ago along the central tributaries of the Ohio River in east-central North America. They are the most representative surviving expressions of the Indigenous tradition now referred to as the Hopewell culture.
Aerial view of the Hopeton Earthworks, part of the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Chillicothe Ohio. First Capital Aerial Media, Tim Anderson Jr.
Aerial view of the Hopeton Earthworks, Part of the Hopewell
Culture National Historical Park, Chillicothe Ohio.
First Capital Aerial Media, Tim Anderson Jr.

Their scale and complexity are evidenced in precise geometric figures as well as hilltops sculpted to enclose vast, level plazas. Huge earthen squares, circles, and octagons are executed with a precision of form, technique, and dimension consistently deployed across a wide geographic region. 

There are alignments with the cycles of the Sun and the far more complex cycles of the Moon.
Aerial view of Mound City, part of the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park, Chillicothe Ohio. National Park Service, John Blank.
Aerial view of Mound City, Part of the Hopewell Culture
National Historical Park, Chillicothe Ohio.
National Park Service, John Blank.

These earthworks served as ceremonial centers, built by dispersed, non-hierarchical groups whose way of life was supported by a mix of foraging and farming. 

The sites were the center of a continent-wide sphere of influence and interaction and have yielded finely crafted ritual objects fashioned from exotic raw materials obtained from distant places.

Criterion (i) Represent a masterpiece of human creative genius

Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks comprises highly complex masterpieces of landscape architecture. 

They are exceptional amongst ancient earthworks worldwide not only in their enormous scale and wide geographic distribution, but also in their geometric precision. 

These features imply high-precision techniques of design and construction and an observational knowledge of complex astronomical cycles that would have required generations to codify. 


The series includes the finest extant examples of these various principles, shapes, and alignments, both in geometric earthworks and in the pre-eminent surviving hilltop enclosure. They reflect the pinnacle of Hopewell intellectual, technical, and symbolic achievement.

Aerial view of the Fort Ancient earthworks, Oregonia Ohio.
Aerial view of the Fort Ancient earthworks, Oregonia Ohio.

Criterion (iii) Bear a unique or at least exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition or to a civilization which is living or which has disappeared


Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks bears exceptional testimony to the unique characteristics of their builders, who lived in small, dispersed, egalitarian groups, between 1 and 400 CE, amongst the river valleys of what is now southern and central Ohio. 

Their economy was a mix of foraging, fishing, farming, and cultivation, yet they gathered periodically to create, manage, and worship within these massive public works. 

The precision of their carefully composed earthen architecture, and its timber precursors, reflected an elaborate ceremonialism and linked it with the order and rhythms of the cosmos. 

The earthworks in this series, together with their archaeological remains, offer the finest extant testimony to the nature, scope, and richness of the Hopewell cultural tradition.

Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks Witness Ancient Brilliance. View of Mound City earthworks as the sun rises, link to official website. Image courtesy of National Park Service, Tom Engberg.
Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks | https://hopewellearthworks.org

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